![]() This places a significant economic burden on the equine industries of affected countries.Īfrican horse sickness virus (AHSV), the causative agent of AHS, is an Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae and is transmitted to susceptible animals via Culicoides midges. The disease is included in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 2019 list of notifiable animal diseases, resulting in strict quarantine measures governing the export of horses from endemic to non-endemic regions. Although AHS is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, outbreaks have also been reported in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Middle East and Asia and, due to climate change, there is an ever-increasing risk of the spread of the disease, and its vectors, to non-endemic countries. Although donkeys, mules and zebras may also be infected, clinical signs in susceptible horses range from mild to high fever, severe respiratory problems, weight loss and lethargy in the acute form. Plant produced chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs were found to be safe for administration into 6 month old foals as well as capable of eliciting a weak neutralizing humoral immune response in these target animals against homologous AHSV virus.Īfrican horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating disease of equids causing severe morbidity in naïve horses with the mortality rate up to 95%. We have successfully shown assembly of single and double chimeric AHSV-7 VLPs, as well as triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs, in Nicotiana benthamiana dXT/FT plants. Following optimisation of a large scale VLP purification procedure, the safety and immunogenicity of the plant-produced, triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs was confirmed in horses, the target species. In this study, we demonstrated that transient co-expression of the four AHSV capsid proteins in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana dXT/FT plants not only allowed for the assembly of homogenous AHSV-1 VLPs but also single, double and triple chimeric VLPs, where one capsid protein originated from one AHS serotype and at least one other capsid protein originated from another AHS serotype. Transient plant-based expression systems are a rapid and highly scalable means of producing such African horse sickness virus (AHSV) VLPs for vaccine purposes. Due to safety concerns with the current live, attenuated AHS vaccine, alternate safe and effective vaccination strategies such as virus-like particles (VLPs) are being investigated. As with Myths and Folklore Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported).African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe arthropod-borne viral disease of equids, with a mortality rate of up to 95% in susceptible naïve horses. The original article was at Chimera ( view authors). " Chimera" is also the term used to refer to a creature or being with both physical and mental characteristics or traits from various other creatures.In genetics, a " chimera" is an organism with genetically distinct cells originating from two zygotes.A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination, as in: "The chimera of an author.".The origin of the notion of this fire-breathing nature of the Chimera must probably come from the volcano named Chimera near Phaselis, in Lycia, or it may have originated on the volcanic valley near the Cragus, which is mentioned as the scene of the events connected with the Chimera. It is possible that the myth could have been inspired by permanent gas vents along the Lycian Way in southwest Turkey. However, there are a myriad of other hybrid beasts that are not considered chimeras. Western scholars of Chinese art use the word "chimera" to refer to winged quadrupeds such as the Bixie, Tianlu and the Qilin. According to Homeric poems, the Chimera was of divine origin. Other legends attribute the Nemean Lion to be the offspring of the Chimera rather than her brother. As such, it is the sister of Cerberus, Orthrus, the Nemean Lion, the Lernaean Hydra, Scylla, and many other monsters. It was was one of the offspring of the monster Typhon and his niece, the Drakaina Echidna. She does not typically have the power of flight, a weakness which is exploited by Bellerophon on his flying steed, Pegasus. Typically, the Chimera is portrayed with the body and head of a male lion, the head and body of a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake head. The fire-breathing monster melted the lead with its breath and the molten lead flowed down its throat and eventually killed it. He rode into battle on the back of the winged horse, Pegasus.īellerophon fought defeated the Chimera by placing a lump of lead on his spear and holding it in front of its mouth. ![]() The Chimera was rampaging in the area, and so King Iobates commanded the Greek hero Bellerophon to slay the Chimera.
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